leaf curl of papaya caused by

37.97.185.129. Ann Appl Biol 140:109–127. Sci Hortic 201:346–354, Haung JF, Zhou XP (2006) First report of papaya leaf curl China virus infecting, Hemambara HS, Yogesh MS (2014) Production and marketing problems of papaya growers in north Karnataka. Mostly the young plant leaves are affected. The main symptoms are downward and inward rolling of top leaves and thickening of veins. Answer. The disease is thought to be caused by Tobacco Leaf Curl Virus (Tobacco Virus 16, Nicotiana Virus 10). doi: Prasad JS, Verma RAB (1980) Efficacy of certain antibiotics in the control of postharvest decay of papaya fruits. The leaves become leathery, brittle and distorted. Virus Genes 43:409–434, Saxena S, Rupesh KK, Singh V (2013) Designing of putative siRNA against geminiviral suppressors of RNAi to develop geminivirus-resistant papaya crop. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Plant Dis 87(2):204, Chen YK, Chao HY, Shih PJ, Tsai WY, Chao CH (2016a) First report of. Sahu AK, Nehra C, Gaur RK (2015) Molecular diversity of monopartite begomovirus coat protein and betasatellite associated with different crop species in India. References : (1) … A proceeding of IInd IS on papaya. Dubey DK, Pandey N, Tiwari AK, Upadhaya PP (2015a) Biological properties, transmission, serological characterization and varietal susceptibility of an isolate of papaya leaf curl virus affecting papaya crops in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. These results suggest that the causal agent of papaya leaf curl disease is a bipartite geminivirus that may be provisionally called papaya leaf curl virus (PLCV). Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCMulB) was associated with the disease. The treatment of leaf curl depends on the cause of the leaf curl. AgriLifeExtension.tamu.edu, Maule AJ, Caranta C, Boulton MI (2007) Sources of natural resistance to plant viruses: status and prospects. Treatments that are commonly used for this disease include insecticides and removing infected plants. 24 Related Question Answers Found What is leaf curl disease? It is not seed or soil borne nor sap transmissible but is transmitted by grafting and white flies. For molecular characterization of papaya leaf curl causing begomoviruses, papaya samples showing symptoms of leaf curl, vein clearing, enations and reduced leaf size were collected from Kodur of Andhra Pradesh, Bangalore of Karnataka, Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu, Lucknow of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi States of India. Acta Hort 851:241–245, Srivastava A, Raj SK, Kumar S, Snehi SK (2013) New record of papaya leaf curl virus and ageratum leaf curl beta-satellite associated with yellow vein disease of aster in India. The usage of large quantities of insecticides to control vector populations is not ideal, and other cultural methods to control vector populations are of increasing importance to a complete integrated pest management strategy. It is mainly transmitted by whiteflies. [6], Currently, the most widespread treatments used to control the spread of PaLCuV are a wide range of insecticides as well as crop rotation. The moon. This chapter provides the information about many aspects like causal pathogen, vector responsible for disease spread/transmission, host range and phylogenetic analysis of virus associated with the papaya leaf curl disease, and different resistance approaches for possible management of the disease. PaLCuV causes severe disease in papaya (Carica papaya), but can sometimes infect other crops such as tobacco or tomato. Curr Drug Targets 5:667–681. Wiki User Answered . As the disease progresses, the lobes of the leaves become distorted and leaf size is … Papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV) is a distinct begomovirus found in Guangxi province of China (Wang et al., 2004).In recent years the virus has caused a severe leaf curl disease on papaya in southern China. and Sacc.) [1] It can be found in tropical and subtropical regions primarily in India, but closely related species have also been detected in countries such as China, Malaysia, Nigeria and South Korea. The disease is caused by Tobacco leaf curl virus, belonging to Gemini virus group. This disease is endemic in the Indian sub-continent and sporadically occurs in Africa. Rawell RD (2010) Fungal diseases of papaya and their management. pp 111-135 | Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43:527–555, Day AG, Bejarano ER, Buck KW, Burrell M, Lichtenstein CP (1991) Expression of an antisense viral gene in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to the DNA virus tomato golden mosaic virus. Epidemiology. [1], This virus typically consists of a bipartite circular single-stranded (ss) DNA molecule (2400–2800 nt in size), and betasatellite (1350-1400 nt in size). [3][1] There are closely related virus species including: PaLCuV is related to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), in some cases sharing 97% sequence identity. Papaya is not a preferential host of whitefly. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, Begomoviruses: Occurrence and Management in Asia and Africa Papaya leaf curl disease is of moderate incidence and widely distributed in India. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 60:231–241, Galvez LC, Banerjee J, Pinar H, Mitra A (2014) Engineered plant virus resistance. Pest Notes: Whiteflies Univ. The main symptoms are downward and inward rolling of top leaves and thickening of veins. Papaya ringspot virus Caused by the Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) (Fig.1) Papaya ringspot is the most important disease of papaya in Florida. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:4429–4434. The more severe tomato yellow leaf curl disease is caused by co-infection of PaLCuCNV and TYLCCNV. What causes leaf curl on papaya plants? At later stages of the disease defoliation can occur. Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is the most delicious fruit grown widely under tropical and sub-tropical climates.The fruit has very thin skin and thus rough handling leads to heavy losses due to a number of rots caused by fungi and bacteria. J Clin Invest 106:1197–1202, Vieira MR, Correa LS (2001) Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the predator, Voinnet O, Baulcombe DC (1997) Systemic signalling in gene silencing. Virology 291:110–125. Leaf curl in Africa was first reported in Nigeria in 1912 (Farquharson, 1912), followed by Sudan (Golding, 1930) and Tanzania (Kirkpatrick, 1931). Not affiliated Phytopathology 102:560–566. Virus Res 71:233–260. doi: Cheng YH, Deng TC, Chen CC et al (2014) First report of, Culik MP, Martins DDS (2004) First record of, Culik MP, Martins DDS, Ventura JA (2003) Índice de artrópodes pragas do mamoeiro (, Czosnek H (2008) Acquisition, circulation and transmission of begomoviruses by their whitefly vectors. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729, Taylor DR (2001) Virus diseases of Carica papaya in Africa – their distribution, importance, and control. Papaya leaf curl disease was first recorded in India in 1930's and shown to be transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The wide range of host species, including several weeds plays a role in its broad transmission. Epidemiology. Int J Bioinforma Res Appl 9(1):3–12, Saxena S, Singh VK, Verma S (2016) PCR mediated detection of sex and PaLCuV infection in papaya- a review. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:6721–6725. Virus Genes 43:445–453, Tajul MI, Naher K, Hossain T, Siddiqui Y, Sariah M (2011), Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. J Plant Dis Protect 121(2):53–57, Khatoon S, Kumar A, Sarin NB, Khan JA (2016) RNAi-mediated resistance against cotton leaf curl disease in elite Indian cotton (, Kumar J, Kumar A, Khan JA, Aminuddin (2009) First report of papaya leaf curl virus naturally infecting tobacco in India. [1], PaLCuV is transmitted by the insect vector Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative nonpropagative manner. Response of different papaya varieties against artificial inoculation of papaya leaf curl virus through white flies under glass house. Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCuD) caused by papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) not only affects yield but also plant growth and fruit size and quality of papaya and is one of the most damaging and economically important disease. Based on symptoms of the infected plants, transmission by whiteflies and viral nucleic acid properties papaya leaf curl disease is suspected to be caused by a geminivirus. Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Springer, New York, pp 230–257, Mishra SK, Chilakamarthi U, Deb JK, Mukherjee SK (2014) Unfolding of in planta activity of anti-rep ribozyme in presence of a RNA silencing suppressor. RNA 8:214–228, © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017, Begomoviruses: Occurrence and Management in Asia and Africa, http://nhb.gov.in/area-pro/NHB_Database_2015.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153883, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087235, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5984-1_7. doi: Saxena S, Hallan V, Singh BP, Sane PV (1998a) Leaf curl disease of, Saxena S, Hallan V, Singh BP, Sane PV (1998b) Evidence from nucleic acid hybridization tests for a geminivirus infection causing leaf curl disease of papaya in India. Nat Plants 1:144. doi: Khalil RR, Bassiouny FM, El-Dougdoug KA, Abo-Elmaty S, Yousef MS (2014) A dramatic physiological and anatomical changes of tomato plants infecting with tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus. Papaya leaf curl disease was first reported in 1939 by Thomas and Krishnaswamy (3). Among these diseases, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. The disease generally appears in the end of June about 45 … J Hort Sci Tech 80(3):291–296, Saxena S, Singh N, Ranade SA, Sunil GB (2011) Strategy for generic resistance to geminiviruses infecting tomato and papaya through in silico siRNA search. Losses may be as severe as 90–100%, especially when other virus species such as Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) are present. This disease is of moderate incidence and widely distributed in India. The germinated particle contain ssDNA. The incidence was 54.33 per cent… ExpandExpand The virus causing leaf curl disease of papaya has wide host range like Zinnia elegance, tomato, tobacco, and datura. Citrifrut 29(1):28–34, Luan JB, Li JM, Varela N, Wang YL, Li FF, Bao YY, Zhang CX, Liu SS, Wang XW (2011) Global analysis of the transcriptional response of whitefly to, Macpherson JL, Boyd MP, Arndt AJ, Todd AV, Fanning GC, Ely JA, Elliott F, Knop A, Raponi M et al (2005) Long-term survival and concomitant gene expression of ribozyme-transduced CD4+ T-lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients. Based on leaf crumple and yellow mosaic symptoms, begomovirus infection was suspected. IInd IS on Papaya Acta hort: 465–472. Indian Phytopath 68(1):123–126, Edelbaum D, Gorovits R, Sasaki S, Ikegami M, Czosnek H (2008) Expressing a whitefly GroEL protein in Nicotiana benthamiana plants confers tolerance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus and cucumber mosaic virus, but not to grapevine virus A or tobacco mosaic virus. PaLCuV has been responsible for several epidemics and causes severe economic losses. There are no known varieties with genetic resistance at this time, but there are on-going efforts to discover and breed papaya with natural resistance.[1]. Plant Physiol 142:7–20, Usman N, Blatt LM (2000) Nuclease-resistant synthetic ribozymes: developing a new class of therapeutics. Main symptoms of papaya leaf curl disease are inward/outward curling of plant leaves, vein thickening, and stunted plant growth with small distorted fruits or no fruits. J Appl Hortic 18(1):80–84, Schubert S, Kurreck J (2004) Ribozyme- and deoxyribozyme-strategies for medical applications. Severely infected plants were stunted and bore less number of flowers and pods as compared to the healthy ones. Leaf curl disease of carica papaya from India may be caused by a bipartite geminivirus Saxena, Sangeeta ; Hallan, Vipin ; Singh, B. P. ; Sane, P. V. (1998) Leaf curl disease of carica papaya from India may be caused by a bipartite geminivirus Plant Disease, 82 (1). Trends Ecol Evol 19(10):535–544, Antignus Y, Nestel D, Cohen S, Lapidot M (2001) Ultraviolet-deficient greenhouse environment affects whitefly attraction and flight-behavior. Research Signpost, Trivandrum. Peach leaf curl is a disease caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans. Plant viruses are a group of plant pathogens that have enormous negative impact on horticultural crop production throughout the world. Genomic characterization of isolate of Papaya leaf curl China virus in Solanum lycopersicon. Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the most devastating disorder of cotton caused by begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) and betasatellite complex transmitted exclusively by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). Other symptoms include the thickening of the leaf veins, sometimes with the formation of outgrowths. Such affected plants withstand strong wind and topple over and die. Studium Press LLC, USA, p 135–155, Ratcliff F, Harrison BD, Baulcombe DC (1997) A similarity between viral defense and gene silencing in plants. Several diagnostic techniques especially molecular techniques have been developed to detect the begomoviruses at early stages of infection to control the further spread of the begomovirus, but so far not much reports are available to control the begomoviral infection at later stage. Caused by begomovirus, Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCV) (2), this disease was discovered in the papaya orchards of southern Taiwan in 2002. Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) is a DNA virus from the genus Begomovirus and the family Geminiviridae. May 7, 2020 admin bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus, bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus pdf, disease cycle of leaf roll of potato, examples of viral diseases found in plants and animals, leaf curl disease of potato, leaf curl of papaya, leaf curl of papaya classification, leaf curl of papaya ka classification, leaf … (Penz. In: Kole C (ed) Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants- fruits and nuts, vol 4. T. deformans is found in the United States, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. ISBN: 978-81-308-0235-0, Dasgupta I, Malathi VG, Mukherjee SK (2003) Genetic engineering for virus resistance. Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Leaf curl disease is transmitted by the vector whitefly. Rojas MR, Jiang H, Salati R, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Sudarshana MR, Lucas WJ et al (2001) Functional analysis of proteins involved in movement of the monopartite Begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Front Plant Sci 7:475. doi: Jagtap UB, Gurav RG, Bapat VA (2011) Role of RNA interference in plant improvement. Diseased plants produced small and distorted fruits that tend to fall prematurely. 1b). High levels of infection within a crop reduces tuber yield, size and marketability. Acta Hort 695:225–240, Gafni Y, Epel B (2002) The role of host and viral proteins in intra- and inter-cellular trafficking of geminiviruses. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Management of PaLCuV is a challenging task due to diversity of viral strains, the alternate hosts, and the genomic complexities of the viruses. It could be papaya leaf curl disease caused by papaya leaf curl virus. Papaya leaf curl disease was first reported in India in 1939 (1). Papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV) is a distinct begomovirus found in Guangxi province of China (Wang et al., 2004).In recent years the virus has caused a severe leaf curl disease on papaya in southern China. Main symptoms of papaya leaf curl disease are inward/outward curling of plant leaves, vein thickening, and stunted plant growth with small distorted fruits or no fruits. PAPAYA LEAF CURL DISEASE This is as a result of attack by white flies which suck the plants sap. It gets a fair amount of sunshine. Chen H, Lin C, Tsai W et al (2016b) Resistance to viral yellow leaf curl in tomato through RNAi targeting two Begomovirus species strains. Late blight of potato, the red rot of sugarcane and black rust of wheat are fungal diseases. Symptoms caused by leaf curl virus on papaya plants. Symptoms caused by leaf curl virus on papaya plants. Plant Cell 5:1749–1759, Lopez EP, Pantoja ML (2012) Main bacterial diseases affecting papaya, pineapple and mangoes. Whitefly management is the main method to control the spread of this virus so far. doi: Sagar SB, Parmar HC, Darji VB (2012) Economics of production of papaya in middle Gujarat region of Gujarat, India. Alternative hosts are tomato and tobacco plants. Brustolini OJB, Machado JPB, Condori-Apfata JA, Coco D, Deguchi M, Loriato VAP, Pereira WA, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Zerbini FM, Inoue-Nagata AK, Santos AA, Chory J, Silva FF, Fontes EPB (2015) Sustained NIK-mediated antiviral signalling confers broad-spectrum tolerance to begomoviruses in cultivated plants. I have used compost soil and cow dung to fertilize them. The virus causing leaf curl disease of papaya has wide host range like Zinnia elegance, tomato, tobacco, and datura. Leaf curl disease is one of the major threats for papaya cultivation, resulting in huge yield loss and marketability of fruits and is known to be caused by whitefly transmitted geminiviruses (Saxena et al. Severe curling, crinkling and deformation of the plant leaf characterize the disease. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service: E-626. Nat Biotechnol 34:1046–1051, Sieburth LE, Drews GN, Meyerowitz EM (1998) Non-autonomy of, Srivastava N, Chandra R, Saxena S, Bajpai A (2010) PCR based amplification and detection of papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV). Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCMulB) was associated with the disease. Other strategies include trying to engineer resistance through RNAi much like with the 'Rainbow' cultivar of papaya and PRSV. 2009-01-20 13:25:43 2009-01-20 13:25:43. The viral disease caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PLCV) has become a serious loss to pawpaw cultivation in Northern India. Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The prevalence of Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) was recorded at PAU, Ludhiana during 2013–15. Severe curling, crinkling and deformation of the plant leaf characterize the disease. Several management … J Gen Virol 91:2091–2101. They show a mortality of 70 –80 per cent if forced to feed continuously on papaya for more than 24 hrs. This conclusion has been drawn after certain tests, which show that the leaf curl virus of papaya can be transmitted to tobacco producing leaf curl symptoms. It could be papaya leaf curl disease caused by papaya leaf curl virus. Peach leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by distortion and coloration of leaves and is caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans, which infects peach, nectarine, and almond trees. Asked by Wiki User. Settlage SB, See RG, Hanley-Bowdoin L (2005) Geminivirus C3 protein: replication enhancement and protein interactions. Papaya trees are tropical plants that produce pear-shaped and melon-like fruit. The affected plants show a stunted growth with reducing Papaya fruit yield. Several beta satellites are associated with PaLCuV, and they likely play a role in symptom development. FEBS Lett 588:1967–1972, Mishra R, Gaur R K, Patil BL (2016) Current knowledge of viruses infecting papaya and their transgenic management. Leaf curl disease is transmitted by the vector whitefly. and Sacc.) (Penz. Reddy MK, Venkataravanappa V, Madhuvanthi B, Jalali S (2010) Molecular characterization of Begomoviruses associated with papaya leaf curl disease in India. The leaf curl disease is caused by a complex of whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) … 7 8 9. Mol Cancer Ther 4:948–955, Yang CX, Luo JS, Zheng LM, Wu ZJ, Xie LH (2011) Mixed infection of papaya leaf curl China virus and. Plant Mol Biol 33(2):351–357, Bleeker PM, Diergaarde PJ, Ament K, Guerra J, Weidner M, Schutz S, de Both MTJ, Haring MA, Schuurink RC (2009) The role of specific tomato volatiles in tomato-whitefly interaction. Publ. Genome Biol 16:238. doi: Anderson PK, Cunningham AA, Patel NG, Morales FJ et al (2004) Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. It is mainly reported to be caused by Papaya leaf curl virus and associated begomoviruses carrying a DNA-A and betasatellite molecules. I have many papaya trees, and this is the only one that is like this. Leaves become leathery and brittle and petioles have a deformed, often twisted aspect. Saeed ST, Samad A (2016) Emerging threats of begomoviruses to the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops and their management strategies. Leaf Curl of Papaya . Some alpha satellites have also been associated with PaLCuV. It is a phloem limited positive sense RNA virus which infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. Virus Genes 29:303–309, Wang LL, Wang XR, Wei XM, Huang H, Wu JX, Chen XX et al (2016) The autophagy pathway participates in resistance to, Weng DE, Masci PA, Radka SF, Jackson TE, Weiss PA, Ganapathi R, Elson PJ, Capra WB, Parker VP, Lockridge JA, Cowens JW, Usman N, Borden EC (2005) A phase I clinical trial of a ribozyme-based angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 for patients with refractory solid tumors. Yeam I (2016) Current advances and prospectus of viral resistance in horticultural crops. Both components are required for infliction of severe symptoms. Sci Rep 6:34706. Virology 204:289–296. VirusDis. Curr Sci 8:316, Tiwari AK, Rao GP (2014) Viruses infecting, Travella S, Klimm TE, Keller B (2006) RNA interference-based gene silencing as an efficient tool for functional genomics in hexaploid bread wheat. Positive signals in nucleic acid based hybridization using both heterologous (ULCV DNA-A) and homologous geminiviral specific Plant Physiol 151:925–935, Briddon RW, Brown JK, Moriones E, Stanley J, Zerbini M, Zhou X, Fauquet CM (2008) Recommendations for the classification and nomenclature of the DNA-βsatellites of begomoviruses. doi: Lee W, Park J, Lee GS, Seunghwan LS, Akimoto SI (2013) Taxonomic status of the, Legaspi JC, Simmons AM (2012) Evaluation of selected commercial oils as oviposition deterrents against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Only a single species of betasatellite viz. Epidemiology. Curr Sci 84:341–354, Dawson WO, Hilf ME (1992) Host range determination of plant viruses. The disease was characterized by typical leaf curl symptoms produced on many crop plants, by whitefly transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs). Leaf curl of papaya is caused by papaya leaf curl virus. However, in some specific cases, it can result in severe economic losses. To control leaf curl, spray with PLANThealth Copper Fungicide soon after pruning, just before bud burst happens in Spring. Also, they are susceptible to disease and […] IInd international symposium on papaya, ISHS Acta hort 851, Raza A, Malik HJ, Shafiq M, Amin I, Scheffler JA, Scheffler BE et al (2016) RNA interference based approach to down regulate osmoregulators of whitefly (. Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Science 301:336–338, Chang LS, Lee YS, Su HJ, Hung TH (2003) First report of papaya leaf curl virus infecting papaya plants in Taiwan. Papaya leaf curl disease is very important as it results in very poor or even no fruit yield by infected papaya plants. doi: Shukla AK, Upadhyay SK, Mishra M, Saurabh S, Singh R, Singh H et al (2016) Expression of an insecticidal fern protein in cotton protects against whitefly. Virology 251:361–369, Gonsalves C, Lee DR, Gonsalves D (2007) The adoption of genetically modified papaya in Hawaii and its implications for developing countries. Due to which affected root and stem lose the mechanical strength and plants collapse from just above the ground and die. Papaya leaf curl disease Papaya leaf curl disease is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a begomovirus naturally transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 25(2):199–207. Cite as. Also the diseased plants do not die quickly, never recover, and if allowed to stand in the field they help spread of disease to healthy plants. : 7401, Fontes EPB, Santos AA, Luz DF, Waclawovsky AJ, Chory J (2004) The geminivirus NSP acts as virulence factor to suppress an innate transmembrane receptor kinase-mediated defense signaling. Among these diseases, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. The plants are also reduced in size. J Virol 87:9691–9706. Leaf curl disease is one of the major diseases in the World caused by a virus. The disease is caused by Tobacco leaf curl virus, belonging to Gemini virus group. Phytoparasitica 8:105. doi: Raj SK, Snehi SK, Khan MS, Singh R, Khan AA (2008) Molecular evidence for association of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus with leaf curl disease of papaya (, Raj SK, Snehi SK, Tiwari AK, and Rao GP (2010) Biological, molecular identification and management strategies of Begomovirus infecting cucurbitaceous crops in India, Published from LLC Press USA (2010) Recent trades in Plant Virology. [1], The main symptoms are severe curling and thickening of veins on leaves. Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) is a DNA virus from the genus Begomovirus and the family Geminiviridae. Plant Biotechnol J. doi: Butler GDJR, Henneberry TJ (1991) Sweetpotato whitefly control: effect of tomato cultures and plant derived oils. 2016. doi: Zhang H, Ma XY, Qian YJ, Zhou XP (2010) Molecular characterization and infectivity of, Zinnen SP, Domenico K, Wilson M, Dickinson BA, Beaudry A, Mokler V, Daniher AT, Burgin A, Beigelman L (2002) Selection, design, and characterization of a new potentially therapeutic ribozyme. Mostly the young plant leaves are affected. Reyes MI, Nash TE, Dallas MM, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT, Hanley-Bowdoin L (2013) Peptide aptamers that bind to geminivirus replication proteins confer a resistance phenotype to tomato yellow leaf curl virus and tomato mottle virus infection in tomato. Papaya leaf curl disease complex (PLCD) impose heavy losses to papaya farmers across India. Calif. Agric. 2. It is not seed or soil borne nor sap transmissible but is transmitted by grafting and white flies. J Agric Tech 10(5):1213–1229, Khan MS, Tiwari AK, Ji SH, Chun SC (2012), Khan MS, Tiwari AK, Khan AA, Ji SH, Chun SC (2013), Khan MS, Tiwari AK, Raj SK, Srivastava A, Ji SH, Chun SC (2014) Molecular epidemiology of begomoviruses occurring on vegetables, grain legume and weed species in Terai belt of north India.

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