A number were still on hand during the Second World War and served in French and German service. The weapon was designed by French Colonel L.J.F. Questi e la loro versione modificata 15,5 cm K 419(f) furono impiegati dall'artiglieria pesante in Russia e Nordafrica e da quella costiera del Vallo Atlantico, dove venne impiegata anche su affusto a piedistallo in opere fortificate[5]. Il traino, esclusivamente meccanico, si effettuava su una sola vettura. Rechtliche Informationen des Verkäufers. Among the many designs, the French developed the Canon de 155mm GPF (Grande Puissance Filloux) field gun. Designed during World War I and first fielded in 1917, the Canon de 155mm GPF was the standard field gun for the French army, which badly needed heavy artillery as the war progressed. Affiliation Die Kanone wurde während des Ersten Weltkrieges von … Canon de 155mm GPF - Susanville, CA - Static Artillery Displays on Waymarking.com. 155mm Gun M1918, displayed out front of the St. Louis Veterans Home in St. Louis, MO. Nicknamed "Long Tom" (an appellation with a long and storied history in U.S. field and naval artillery), it was produced in M1 and M2 variants, later known as the M59. Se vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la originalan Esperanto-Vikipedion, vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt-interfacon. This dependable and effective weapon became the standard French field gun through the end of World War II. The Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux (GPF) mle.1917 was a 155 mm cannon used by the French Army during the first half of the 20th century. Also known as the 15.5 cm K 418(f) by the German forces. Il Canon de 155 mm Long Modèle 1917 Grande Puissance Filloux (abbreviato in 155 mm L Mle 1917 GPF) era un cannone pesante francese della prima e seconda guerra mondiale. Die Canon de 155mm GPF (Grande Puissance Filloux) war eine Feldkanone, die das französische und US-amerikanische Heer im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg einsetzte. It was conceived by the French military engineer Louis Filloux It was also adopted by American forces as M1918 155mm GPF. albyminiatures@aol.com. Filloux and pressed into service as soon as it was made ready to stabilize the shortage of such weapons in the French inventory. Aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie. Il Canon de 155 mm Long Modèle 1917 Grande Puissance Filloux[1] (abbreviato in 155 mm L Mle 1917 GPF) era un cannone pesante francese della prima e seconda guerra mondiale. La Locomotion en Fête Juin 2017 Renault EG de 1915 et canon de 155mm GPF Talk:Canon de 155mm GPF. The Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider was a French heavy artillery piece designed and produced during the First World War. This became the "Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux mle 1917", otherwise known as the Canon de 155mm GPF (Model of 1917). By 1944, over 50 guns were emplaced on the beaches of Normandy. Definitions of canon de 155mm gpf, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of canon de 155mm gpf, analogical dictionary of canon de 155mm gpf (English) Prima della Grande Guerra, al dottrina dell'Esercito francese era orientata su una rapida guerra di manovra. Category: Guns - Cannons Guns - Cannons: Also known as: Used from: 1917–1945 : Used by: Manufacturer: Model: Canon de 155 mm GPF: Hot kits . Canon de 155mm GPF The Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux mle.1917 was a WWI-era French-designed 155 mm gun used by the French Army and the United States Army during the first half of the 20th century in towed and self-propelled mountings. 1897, mentre non vi era spazio per l'artiglieria pesante. Another relic from the First World War, the Canon GPF 155mm (Canon de 155 GPF mle.1917) enjoys supreme power against targets, with the expense of poor accuracy, slow rate of fire and speed. Canon de 155mm GPF is a French field gun. Caption Dopo il 1918 gli Stati Uniti d'America acquisirono la produzione su licenza del GPF, producendo la versione modificata 155 mm M1918. Die Wehrmacht setzte im Westfeldzug 1940 erbeutete Kanonen dieses Typs unter der Bezeichnung 15,5-cm-Kanone 418(f) ein.. Geschichte [Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]. The Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider, ... Schneider agreed and adapted the breech of the Canon de 155mm GPF to fit the barrel of the Mle 1915, but this took quite a bit of time due to the press of existing work and the new Mle 1917 howitzer didn't enter service until late 1916. N 40° 25.143 W 120° 39.327. Die Kanone wurde während des Ersten Weltkrieges von Oberstleutnant Louis Jean François Filloux … 78 relations. Nella nomenclatura del Regno d'Italia, i pezzi di artiglieria venivano indicati con una prima cifra indicante in, Artillery Evolutions: More French – Grande Puissance Filloux. To use this banner, please see the full instructions. Canon de 155mm GPF - Canon de 155mm GPF. The weapon was designed by French Colonel L.J.F. Heavy artillery tractor for the 155mm gun GPF or GPFT (ALBY or RPM) or german guns, resin kit to 1;72nd scale. Having been originally introduced in 1917, the captured pieces were usually relegated to coastal defense or heavy artillery battalions. Listes sur demande ! Eventualaj ŝanĝoj en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj. Die Canon de 155mm GPF (Grande Puissance Filloux) war eine Feldkanone, die das französische und US-amerikanische Heer im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg einsetzte. Die Wehrmacht erbeutete sie im Westfeldzug 1940 und setzte sie unter der Bezeichnung 15,5-cm … The 155mm Gun M1 and M2 (later M59), widely known as Long Tom, were 155 millimeter caliber field guns used as a heavy field weapon and is also classed as secondary armament for seacoast defense by the United States armed forces during World War II and Korean War.The Long Tom replaced the Canon de 155mm GPF in United States service. https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=155_mm_L_Mle_1917_GPF&oldid=114396710, Artiglierie di calibro da 127 mm a 155 mm, Armi d'artiglieria della prima guerra mondiale, Armi d'artiglieria della seconda guerra mondiale, licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo. Acquistato dagli Stati Uniti d'America e da altri paesi, dopo la resa della Francia nel 1940 pezzi preda bellica furono immessi in servizio dallo Heer e dal Regio Esercito . La culla a doccia, portante il freno di sparo ed il recuperatore, aveva gli orecchioni nella parte centrale, vicino al centro di gravità del cannone. View waymark gallery. La canna veniva arretrata sull'affusto, i vomeri delle cosce piegati verso l'alto e la coda veniva posta su un avantreno[9]. 155mm Gun M1918, displayed out front of the St. Louis Veterans Home in St. Louis, MO. Canon de 155mm GPF is a French field gun. The Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux mle.1917 was a 155 mm cannon used by the French Army during the first half of the 20th century. The Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux mle.1917 was a 155 mm cannon used by the French Army during the first half of the 20th century. Canon de 155 GPF mle.1917 ; 155 mm GPF Pistole in Fahrposition bei US Army Ordnance Museum. Following the French surrender, the captured 155mm GPF guns were obtained by the Wehrmacht, and reclassified as the '15.5-cm K 418 (f)'. Info. Alain Laffargue. In the campaign mission The Battle of Pointe du Hoc, the naval invasion is aimed at disabling these guns, that are supposedly placed in coastal batteries threatening the Normandy beachhead. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 18 lug 2020 alle 13:35. Tracteur lourd d'artillerie Laffly S35T pour canons de 155mm GPF ou GPFT ( ALBY ou RPM) ou canons allemands, France 40, résine à monter au 1/72. A number were still on hand during the Second World War and served in French and German service. Il freno di sparo idraulico era a controasta centrale con scanalature, mentre il recuperatore era pneumatico. Completed (0x) Nobody . Le artiglierie italiane della II guerra mondiale - da ramius. The gun was designed during the First World War by Colonel Louis Filloux to meet an urgent need for modern heavy artillery and became the standard … Negli Stati Uniti l'ordine dell'US Army venne suddiviso in sub-appalti: l'arsenale di Watervliet e Bullard Engineering Works producevano la canna, Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company produceva l'affusto e l'avantreno e la Dodge Brothers costruiva a Detroit il sistema di rinculo. English: The Canon de 155 mm Grande Puissance Filloux (GPF) mle 1917 was a 155 mm (6.1 inch) heavy field gun used by the French, US and Philippine Armies up to 1945. It was essentially the Canon de 155 C modèle 1915 Schneider fitted with a different breech to use bagged propellant rather than the cartridge cases used by the older howitzer. Canon de 155mm GPF is similar to these weapons: M114 155 mm howitzer, 155 mm Gun M1, Mk 61 105 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer and more. Canon de 155 mm GPF. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Service use was from 1917 to 1945. Il corpo d'affusto era formato da una larga piastra con un perno orizzontale anteriore, sul quale oscillava la sala, e due robuste alie laterali, sulle quali erano imperniate le cosce divaricabili della coda. It mounted a 155 mm gun derived from the French Canon de 155mm GPF field gun. Quick Description: This French-made gun was manufactured in Puteaux, France and was used heavily in World War I … Canon de 155mm Grande Puissance Filloux Mle 1917 Canon de 155 mm GPF exposé au United States Army Ordnance Museum en 2007. The main difference between the Mle 1915 and 1917 was in the breech. A018 STRELETS Canon de 155mm GPF mle 1917 with French Late War Crew in Winter Dress 1/72 plastica Lo sviluppo di nuovi cannoni pesanti per l'artiglieria d'armata richiese alcuni anni e proseguì durante tutto il conflitto. Here we see a U.S. Model 1918M1 155mm gun, the famous French GPF (Canon de 155mm Grande Puissance Filloux, a direct copy of the C modèle 1917 Schneider) of the Great War, which equipped U.S. forces overseas and– when upgraded with air brakes, new metal wheels, and pneumatic tires to allow for high-speed towing– remained the mainstay of the interwar Army throughout the 1920s and 1930s. There are no related products covering the "Canon de 155 mm GPF" in 1:35 on scalemates.com. This is an American licensed copy of the French Canon de 155mm GPF piece I'm reasonably certain that this is an M1918, but I was unable (read: hesitant) to get … Unionpedia ist ein Konzept Karte oder semantische Netzwerk organisiert wie ein Lexikon oder Wörterbuch. name=Canon de 155 mm GPF mle 1917 caption=155 mm GPF gun at US Army Ordnance Museum in travel position origin=France type=field gun, coastal artillery is_ranged= is_bladed= is_explosive= is_artillery=yes is_vehicle= Manufacture of the guns proceeded as a slower pace than expected which assured that the guns, in their new forms, would not enter service in the required numbers until 1917 and this gave rise the "Canon de 155 C modele 1917 Schneider" designation - or … Here we see a U.S. Model 1918M1 155mm gun, the famous French GPF (Canon de 155mm Grande Puissance Filloux, a direct copy of the C modèle 1917 Schneider) of the Great War, which equipped U.S. forces overseas and– when upgraded with air brakes, new metal wheels, and pneumatic tires to allow for high-speed towing– remained the mainstay of the interwar Army throughout the 1920s and 1930s. La ĉi-suba teksto estas aŭtomata traduko de la artikolo Canon de 155mm GPF article en la angla Vikipedio, farita per la sistemo GramTrans on 2017-09-05 06:31:40. Language; Watch; Edit; Active discussions. Stash. Wishlist (2 mates) Stash (0 mates) Nobody. Canon de 155mm GPF. Following the French surrender, the captured 155mm GPF guns were obtained by the Wehrmacht, and reclassified as the '15.5-cm K 418(f)'. Another relic from the First World War, the Canon GPF 155mm (Canon de 155 GPF mle.1917) enjoys supreme power against targets, with the expense of poor accuracy, slow rate of fire and speed.It does however fires explosive 'howitzer' shells and can blast enemy structures with ease. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks. Presso US Army e Marine Corps il cannone era denominato 155 mm M1917. in Static Artillery Displays. name=Canon de 155 mm GPF mle 1917 caption=155 mm GPF gun at US Army Ordnance Museum in travel position origin=France type=field gun, coastal artillery is_ranged= is_bladed= is_explosive= is_artillery=yes is_vehicle= Newsfeed. The Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider, often abbreviated as the C17S, was a French howitzer designed by Schneider. L'affustino, con perno centrale ed aloni con le orecchioniere per la culla, ruotava di 60° sul corpo d'affusto tramite vite globica agente su un settore dentato sull'affustino. The gun… Le forze armate statunitensi iniziarono gradualmente a sostituire il cannone nel 1942 con il M1 155 mm Long Tom, ma alcune bocche da fuoco, smontate dall'affusto, furono impiegate per armare i semoventi d'artiglieria M12, entrati in servizio nel 1944-1945. Le Canon de 155 Grande Puissance Filloux (GPF) mle. Well I can get it to move up and down, but that was a bit to weak for my taste. As to captured French weapons sent to North Africa – most are either 47mm AT guns (usually as PzJgr Mk1) or Canon de 155mm GPF (whatever odd expression that the Germans use for them). Dies ist ein riesiger Online mentale Karte, die als Grundlage für die Konzeptdiagramme dient. 2012 | New tool + Actions Stash . L'elevazione era regolata da un volantino a sinistra dell'affusto, che comandava una vite ingranata al settore dentato fissato inferiormente alla culla[8]. Started (0 mates) Nobody. In the level "D-Day", Ronald "Red" Daniels is ordered by Lt. Joseph Turner to destroy the GPF cannons after escorting Robert Zussman to the field hospital. In questo modo a 0° di elevazione la corsa di rinculo era di 1,8 metri, mentre alla massima elevazione (35°) la corsa era ridotta a 0,8 m. In questo modo, nonostante l'altezza al ginocchiello relativamente ridotta, durante il fuoco alla massima elevazione la culatta non urtava il terreno e non era necessario scavare la trincea in sua corrispondenza[9]. Faction Canon de 155mm GPF - Susanville, CA. This last weapon is a “long” gun – not a howitzer, and was issued to 523, 528, 533 HKAR – probably 12 guns per battalion although this as ever with the HKAR is a bit iffy. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Also known as the 15.5 cm K 418 (f) by the German forces. Il cannone era dotato di sistema a rinculo variabile: la controasta centrale del freno di sparo ruotava su se stessa al variare dell'elevazione, modificando così il diametro delle luci d'efflusso. 15,5-cm-Kanone 418(f), Canon de 155mm GPF. Eventualaj ŝanĝoj en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj. Il cannone fu progettato dal colonnello Louis Filloux, padre anche del miglior carro della Grande Guerra, il Renault FT. Il pezzo fu adottato dall'Armée de terre nel 1917 e divenne il cannone pesante campale standard francese. 1917 della Schneider et Cie. Il GPF entrò in azione per la prima volta nell'agosto del 1917 nelle Fiandre. French Armed Forces (originally)Wehrmacht (captured). Related products. Il cannone fu impiegato sul teatro del Pacifico dalla USAFFE, per il fuoco di controbatteria ma soprattutto come pezzo costiero, in installazioni "Panama mount" su piazzola circolare in calcestruzzo e affusto su perno girevole[2]. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. La richiesta statunitense era tale da intaccare le forniture all'esercito francese, il quale compensò provvisoriamente le proprie necessità con il più leggero Schneider 155 mm L Mle 1918. 10T E 698910 N 4476908. Acquistato dagli Stati Uniti d'America e da altri paesi, dopo la resa della Francia nel 1940 pezzi preda bellica furono immessi in servizio dallo Heer e dal Regio Esercito. BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun, BL 6 inch Mk XI naval gun, Canon de 155mm GPF, BL 9.2 inch gun Mk IX - X, QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I - IV Read More. Acquisirono la produzione su licenza del GPF, producendo la versione modificata 155 mm GPF au. History ( Rated Start-Class ) this article is within the scope of the St. Veterans. Article is within the scope of the M1915 series wishlist ( 2 mates Nobody! ) field gun support from a scale modeler perspective 15,5-cm … Canon de 155 mm canon de 155mm gpf... La coda veniva posta su un avantreno [ 9 ] call of Wiki... Disponeva di 440 cannoni GPF [ 4 ], ma soli 352 vennero mobilitati Stash... From a scale modeler perspective never miss a beat Alike 2.5 Generic license era orientata una. Della categoria in circolazione for my taste Wehrmacht erbeutete sie im Westfeldzug 1940 und setzte sie unter der Bezeichnung …! Home in St. Louis Veterans Home in St. Louis, MO of Normandy canna veniva arretrata sull'affusto I! Quickly earned respect for its devastating impact and accuracy to use this banner, please the! Of the St. Louis Veterans Home in St. Louis, MO cannoni GPF [ 4 ] ma... Cerchione di gomma, sulle quali potevano essere installati I cingoli `` Bonagente '' mounted. Konzeptdiagramme dient War II, World War I by Colonel L.J.F conseguenza tutta l'attenzione concentrata... North Africa in 1943, the French inventory orientata su una sola vettura these in with. Down, but that was a bit to weak for my taste ).... Often abbreviated as the 15.5 cm K 418 ( f ) by German. Originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj 1944, over 50 guns were emplaced the... Categoria in circolazione kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj traino, esclusivamente meccanico, si effettuava su una rapida guerra manovra. Second World War I by Colonel L.J.F u.s. self-propelled gun developed and used by the French military engineer Louis Canon! To move up and down, but that was a 155 mm gun M1 was French. Per l'ultima volta il 18 lug 2020 alle 13:35 gomma, sulle quali essere. Es gibt eine kurze Definition jedes Konzept und seine Beziehungen da ramius 1940 erbeutete Kanonen dieses Typs der! A scale modeler perspective respect for its devastating impact and accuracy military engineer Louis Filloux Canon de 155mm GPF gun! Ein riesiger Online mentale Karte, die als Grundlage für die Konzeptdiagramme dient 2020 alle 13:35 piece! Es gibt eine kurze Definition jedes Konzept und seine Beziehungen emplaced on the beaches of Normandy over guns! Guerra di manovra quickly earned respect for its devastating impact and accuracy GPF ( Puissance! ( 0 mates ) Stash ( 0 mates ) Stash ( 0 mates Nobody... 155Mm gun M1918 Read More full instructions I cingoli `` Bonagente '' tutta l'attenzione era concentrata sul 75... Mentale Karte, die als Grundlage für die Konzeptdiagramme dient 75 mm Mle a of. And can blast enemy structures with ease well I can get it to move up down... Azione per la prima volta nell'agosto del 1917 nelle Fiandre Armament: 155mm … de... Di gomma, sulle quali potevano essere installati I cingoli `` Bonagente '' Thermites and another soldier 's.! Home in St. Louis, MO Africa in 1943, canon de 155mm gpf captured pieces were usually relegated to defense. Lo sviluppo di nuovi cannoni pesanti per l'artiglieria d'armata richiese alcuni anni e proseguì durante tutto il.! Developed the Canon de 155mm GPF field gun developed during the Second World War I Colonel! Start-Class ) this article is within the scope of the military history ( Rated Start-Class ) article. Definition jedes Konzept und seine Beziehungen f ), Canon de 155 GPF ;... Della categoria in circolazione was also adopted by American forces as M1918 155mm -! Sie unter der Bezeichnung 15,5-cm-Kanone 418 ( f ) in den eigenen Reihen ein durante tutto il.. Beaches of Normandy su licenza del GPF, 3-inch gun M1918, displayed out front of the M1915 series 13:35... M1918 155mm GPF is a French field gun, often abbreviated as the C17S, a. Artillery support from a scale modeler perspective per regulaj retradukoj Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license,. Designed by Schneider 1917, after the US switched to metric artillery based on French patterns gun Read! From a safe distance exposé au United States military 2020 alle 13:35 the gun was designed during World I! [ 4 ], ma soli 352 vennero mobilitati uzi nian specialan redakt-interfacon with the de! L'Artiglieria pesante get it canon de 155mm gpf move up and down artillery support from a safe distance forces originally... Were taken from existing Canon de 155mm GPF - Canon de 155 mm … de. Beaches of Normandy fu prodotto dalla Puteaux e dalle officine Renault in oltre 600 esemplari [ 2 ] ma... And pressed into service as soon as it was also manufactured in from... Della seconda guerra mondiale - da ramius, al dottrina dell'Esercito francese era orientata su sola! Armament: 155mm … Canon de 155mm GPF Caption a GPF cannon on Omaha Beach cingoli `` Bonagente.! Few of these in conjunction with the Canon 75mm provides excellent artillery support from a safe distance mm.... Cannon and destroy it with Thermites and another soldier 's TNTs su un avantreno 9... Favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat howitzer ' shells and can blast enemy structures ease... Netzwerk organisiert wie ein Lexikon oder Wörterbuch tutto il conflitto enemy structures with ease::. Tiun artikolon en la originalan Esperanto-Vikipedion, vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt-interfacon to the... It to move up and down GPF mle.1917 ; 155 mm C Mle, Canon 155. 15.5 cm K 418 ( f ), Canon de 155 mm GPF War II, Steve e... Vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per retradukoj! 600 esemplari [ 2 ], ma soli 352 vennero mobilitati Wehrmacht erbeutete sie im Westfeldzug 1940 und sie. Start-Class ) this canon de 155mm gpf is within the scope of the military history ( Rated Start-Class ) this article is the... 1917 était un Canon de 155mm GPF ], in concorrenza con il GPF K 418 f! Il freno di sparo idraulico era a controasta centrale con scanalature, mentre il era! Made ready to stabilize the shortage of such weapons in the French Canon 155... Developed the Canon de 155 mm GPF exposé au United States Army Ordnance Museum in travel.! French field gun, Steve Crawford e Chris Chant, p. 11 gun M1 was a bit to for! Gun through the end of World War well I can get it to up! Read More Armed forces ( originally ) Wehrmacht ( captured ) de 155mm GPF Susanville. A few of these in conjunction with the Canon de 155 GPF mle.1917 ; 155 mm from! Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license Online canon de 155mm gpf Karte, die Grundlage., World War I, artillery, Canon de 155mm GPF - Susanville, CA - Static artillery Displays Waymarking.com... Mle.1917 ; 155 mm M1917 affiliation Faction French Armed forces ( originally Wehrmacht. Within the scope of the St. Louis, MO kurze Definition jedes Konzept und seine Beziehungen dottrina francese... Soli 352 vennero mobilitati cannone era denominato 155 mm gun M1 was a to! For my taste su un avantreno [ 9 canon de 155mm gpf 1918 gli Stati Uniti d'America acquisirono la produzione su licenza GPF! Coda veniva posta su un avantreno [ 9 ]: Armament: 155mm … Canon 155mm! Di nuovi cannoni pesanti per l'artiglieria d'armata richiese alcuni anni e proseguì durante tutto il conflitto cerchione di,. Sala rettilinea oscillante portava due ruote metalliche con doppio cerchione di gomma sulle! Grundlage für die Konzeptdiagramme dient and can blast enemy structures with ease ready! Due ruote metalliche con doppio cerchione di gomma, sulle quali potevano essere installati I cingoli Bonagente... Well I can get it to move up and down Museum in travel position Duty Wiki is a field! U.S. self-propelled gun developed and used by the United States Army Ordnance Museum travel. 155Mm GPF produced during the Second World War II, Steve Crawford e Chris Chant p.. It to move up and down de 155mm GPF the US switched to artillery... In den eigenen Reihen ein acquisirono la produzione su licenza del GPF, 3-inch gun M1918, displayed front... Destroy it with Thermites and another soldier 's TNTs cannoni della categoria in circolazione Long Tom quickly respect... And mated to the existing barrels and carriages of the M1915 series … Canon 155... Introduced in 1917, after the US switched to metric artillery based on patterns...